Endocrine Abstracts

Hypertension or elevated blood pressure (BP) is quantitatively the most important risk factor for development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), whereas aldosterone contributes significantly in the development and severity of hypertension. Interestingly, parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates aldosterone synthesis by regulating renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Conversely, RAAS controls PTH secretion, as angiotensin receptor is expressed by human parathyroid tissues a...

Diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM-2) occurs when pancreas fails to produce enough insulin or when the body cannot effectively make use of the insulin produced by the pancreas. Among other factors causing DM-2, stress is increasingly regarded as one of the causative agents that make the blood glucose levels rise, and cause DM-2. It has also been reported that DM-2 may be one of the commonest cause of hypogonadism, a lack of function in the testes, which adversely affects testosteron...

Hypertension or high blood pressure (HBP) has been counted as the chief cause and most significant factor in the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) worldwide. Stress has been defined as an inner process that happens when a person is faced with an ordinant dictation that is perceived to go beyond the resources available to efficaciously respond to it. Cortisol is a hormone released from the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex during the times of stress. This biolo...

The acceleration in linear growth at puberty is attributed to the combined physiological effects of both somatotropic and gonadal axes. In synergy, growth hormone (GH) and gonadal steroids (testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2)) stimulate longitudinal bone growth through direct stimulation of chondrocytes and osteoblast. Nutrition such as sufficient amount of nutrients including calcium, phosphate, sodium, potassium and iron and vitamins like vitamin D, vitamin A and vitamin C p...

The short children have lower social competence and show more social problems than children with normal stature. The physical appearance has consequences in terms of how short stature children are judged and treated by others as they can be teased or bullied due to short stature, which may affect future prospects of finding a job or a spouse. These psychosocial stressors are risk factors for the psychological adjustment for children of short stature. Stress responses are activ...

Puberty onset is sensitive to the energy reserves of the organism, especially in females where there is an association between obesity and early puberty. Studies have shown that in the presence of growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHSR1a) mutations, there is a decrease in ghrelin-mediated appetite, resulting in relatively low BMI, which contributes to the delayed onset of puberty. Furthermore, delayed puberty is observed in clinical conditions associated with low IGF1, ...

Stress is any uncomfortable emotional experience accompanied by predictable psychological, physiological and behavioral changes. A sudden and severe stress generally produces an increase in the heart rate and blood pressure and induces a state of alertness in an individual. Evidence indicates that chronic stress depresses thyroid function, resulting in low levels of T3 and T4, which affects cardiomyocytes’ function and leads to development of cardiov...